External Walls Openings Windows Doors Lecture

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External Walls Openings Windows Doors Lecture
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© GBE NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan *
24th October 2018 – 22nd November 2019

External Walls Openings Windows Doors Lecture
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Handout Cover

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• GBE Lecture WallOpeningWindowDoor A02 BRM 221018 9H8 Handout PDF
• GBE Lecture WallOpeningWindowDoor A02 BRM 221018 S67 Show PDF
• GBE Lecture WallOpeningWindowDoor A02 BRM 221018 PPTX Show

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© GBE NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan *
24th October 2018

External Walls Openings Windows Doors Lecture
See Also:

External Walls Openings Windows Doors Lecture
About:

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4 Quotes for today:

• Build Tight > Ventilate Right
• Fabric First (Eco bling last)
• No Insulation without Ventilation (PAS 2035)
• Build Light > Insulate Right > Solar Tight

>40 years into 1 Hour won’t go

• So I am providing links to other information if you want to know more

Question Everything

• Don’t assume that I know everything
• Don’t assume I have cherry picked the best bits
• Don’t assume what your being told is the whole story
• Some will hide what they don’t want you to know

 

• Do your best with what you know
• When you know better
• Do better

Today’s Lecture

• External Wall
• Openings
• Windows
• Doors
• Internal Walls/Partitions
• Function + Performance
• Principles of Element Design
• Fabric First: make the building fabric do all the work
• Or you end up with services making up the difference
• We need buildings that do not need loads of services
• consuming loads of energy for the rest of the building’s life
• But we do need low level deliberate purposeful ventilation or we die from poor indoor air quality:
• CO2 Carbon Dioxide and VOC Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde

Wall Actions

• Gravity: downward pull
• Wind: Motive, Destructive, Penetrative
• Rain: Moisture deposition, penetration
• Snow: Moisture deposition, loading
• Moisture vapour: permeation, surface and interstitial condensation, insulation impaired, material degradation
• Sun: Temp variation, thermal movement, solar heat gains, Chemical decomposition
• Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution
• Chemicals: corrosion, disintegration, decomposition
• Sound: Noise nuisance, from within and from without
• Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast
• Thermal: heat loss, radiant coolth, condensation, stack effect

Wall Reactions

• Gravity: Support & restraint
• Wind: rigidity, resilience, sealing, air tightness layers and detailing
• Rain: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Moisture vapour: resistance, hygro-scopicity, permeability, ‘breathing’, moisture mass
• Snow: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Sun: movement joints, insulation, shielding, invulnerable materials, decrement delay
• Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, shielding, cleaning, covering
• Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,
• Sound: Insulation, absorption, acoustic mass, separation, isolation,
• Attack: toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection
• Insulating: thermal insulation, k and U value, thermal mass, thermal bridge avoidance/minimisation,
• Glass: G value,

Principles of Element Design

• Appearance
• Interior and exterior materials and finishes
  • Structural strength and stability
• Load-bearing
• Wind resistance
  • Weather barrier
• Rain, snow, wind, sun,
• dirt dust pollution
• Durability
  • Moisture resistance, frost, mould
  • Moisture Mass & Hygroscopicity
  • Ozone and sunlight degradation
• Thermal Performance
  • Heat Resistance: loss and gain
  • Condensation Avoidance
  • Airtightness
  • Avoidance of Cold Bridges
  • Thermal Mass
• Movement
  • Structural , thermal, moisture, Frost
  • Chemical
• Principles of Element Design
• Acoustic Performance
  • Resistance, absorption
• Fire Performance
  • Surface spread of flame
  • Fire Resistance
• Security
• Inspection and maintenance
  • Inside & out
• Pest infestation
  • Termites,
  • Termite Barriers
• Rising damp
  • Barriers
  • Capillary Attraction, Moisture Transport
  • Hygroscopic or Hydrophobic
  • Frost action
• Health
  • Moisture Mass
  • Low allergy materials

Weather Envelope

• A building has more than one orientation,
• Subject to different moisture uptake, wind driven rain penetration and solar radiation.
• All of this is variable of over time:
• Diurnal (night day)
• Annual (through seasons).
• Static analysis is inadequate
• Dynamic Hygro/Hydro/thermal moisture movement analysis is essential.
• BS 5250 is inadequate
• WUFI or Delphin essential

This is not UK construction practice or thicknesses.

Vapour barrier in cavity masonry does not happen in UK

150 to 300 mm insulation not precise (for a calculation).

Beware of incomplete diagrams:

• It shows the ‘heat flow’ gradient from inside to outside
• It does not show the ‘vapour diffusion’ line
• It does not show the crossing point so the ‘Due Point’ is entirely speculative
• There is no ‘evidence’ here, beware Birkhauser

Build Light > Insulate Right > Solar Tight

Solid Wall, Cavity Wall, Timber frame

• EWI External Solid Wall Insulation
• Partial Fill, Masonry Cavity, Wall insulation
• Insulated timber frame inner leaf, Masonry outer leaf
• IWI Internal Solid Wall Insulation
• Full Fill Masonry cavity Wall Insulation
• Insulated timber frame single lap concrete or clay tile cladding

Platform Timber Frame

Conventional Thinking:

• Vapour Barrier (VB) and Breather membrane (BM) needed with non-breathing insulation

Current thinking:

• Airtightness layer (ATL) or Intelligent ATL and Wind tightness (WTL) needed for Breathing insulation
• Platform frame and ATLs are more complicated but understood
• Plastic, glass and stone wool is okay winter insulation (conduction) but not good summer insulation (radiation)
• Current U values need c.300 mm of thermal insulation
• Depending upon insulation materials
• Breathing insulation may need to be thicker
• Studs 140 or 190 mm inadequate for the job

Timber framed external wall

• Glulam Lintel is uninsulated = Thermal bridge
• Stud size: 140 or 190 mm inadequate for U value
• Window placement not ideal only just aligns with insulation
• But framing makes wide thermal bridges
• Concrete plinth = thermal bridge
• Glulam Lintel is uninsulated = Thermal bridge.
• Potential rot between timber rainscreen battens if less than 8 mm gap:
• Gap between faces minimum 8 mm at bottom and wider at top.
• Double section below windows = thermal bridge
• Glass wool/stone wool good for winter, bad for summer overheating:
• Cellulose or dense wood fibre necessary

Wall Openings

• Windows
• Doors
• Ventilation Louvres (not covered by this)
• Solar shading of opening (not covered by this)

Windows Actions

• Gravity: downward pull
• Wind: Motive, Destructive, Penetrative
• Rain: Moisture deposition, penetration
• Snow: Moisture deposition, loading
• Sun: Temp variation, thermal movement, solar heat gains, Chemical decomposition
• Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution
• Chemicals: corrosion, disintegration, decomposition
• Sound: Noise nuisance, from within and from without
• Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast
• Heat:

Windows Reactions

• Gravity: Support & restraint
• Wind: rigidity, resilience, sealing
• Rain: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Snow: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Sun: movement joints, insulation, shielding, invulnerable materials,
• Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, sheilding, cleaning
• Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,
• Sound: Insulation
• Attack: toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection
• Heat: insulating glazing, low E glass, Solar control glass

Windows Outside

• Daylight, Sunlight, Glare, Solar Heat gains,
• Sound Insulation
• Fresh air, ventilation and smell exclusion
• Smoke control: Smoke outlet & air inlet
• Wind driven rain and snow
• Privacy from overlooking
• Cleaning
• Security
• Insect exclusion

Windows Inside

• Statutory Ventilation areas, trickle ventilation
• Thermal insulation, heat losses: U values G F W
• Solar heat gains: G value of glass
• Emissivity: Low E glass coatings
• Comfort conditions:
  • 17 degrees internally, close to wall temperature
• Views out and eye level
• Safety, Containment, Impact,
  • Ironmongery, Balustrade
• Fire: Non-combustible, Low smoke generation
• Statutory Window Area: Habitable areas
• Openings: Not/obvious lintel

External Door Actions

• Gravity: Downward pull, rotation
• Wind: Motive, Destructive, Penetrative, whistling
• Rain: Moisture deposition, penetration
• Snow: Moisture deposition, loading
• Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution
• Chemicals: corrosion, disintegration, decomposition
• Sound: Noise nuisance, from within and from without
• Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast
• Heat: Solar Heat Gains, Heat passage

External Door Reactions

• Gravity: Ironmongery Support & restraint
• Wind: rigidity, resilience, sealing
• Rain: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Snow: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Sun: movement joints, insulation, shielding, invulnerable materials,
• Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, sheilding, cleaning
• Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,
• Sound: Insulation
• Attack: toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection
• Heat: insulating glazing, low E glass, Solar control glass

Door Outside

• Daylight, Sunlight, Glare, Solar Heat gains,
• Sound Insulation
• Fresh air, ventilation and smell exclusion
• Smoke control: Smoke outlet & air inlet
• Wind driven rain and snow
• Privacy from overlooking
• Cleaning
• Security
• Insect exclusion

Door Inside

• Statutory Ventilation areas: trickle ventilation
  • When is a door a windows?
• Thermal insulation, heat losses:
• U values: Glass, Frame, Door
• Solar heat gains: G value of glass
• Emissivity: Low E glass coatings
• Comfort conditions:
  • 17 degrees internally, close to wall temperature
• Views out and eye level
• Safety, Containment, Impact,
• Ironmongery,
• Fire: Non-combustible, Low smoke generation

Partition Actions

• Gravity:
  • downward pull, self weight,
  • Furniture and Lining loads
• Dynamic forces:
  • Human impacts, wheeled furniture impacts
  • Internal Wind Pressure Buffeting:
    • Pressure, Rattling, Motive, Destructive, Penetrative
• Moisture vapour:
  • permeation, condensation, moisture mass, moisture moderation, insulation impaired, hygroscopicity, material degradation
• Sun:
  • Temp variation, thermal movement, heat gains, Chemical decomposition
• Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution
• Chemicals: corrosion, disintegration, decomposition
• Sound: Noise nuisance, from within
• Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast
• Thermal: Solar heat gains/loss, thermal mass, phase change, stack effect,
• Electromagnetic radiation: sickness for susceptible occupants

Partition Reactions

• Gravity: Support & restraint
• Wind pressure buffeting:
  • rigidity, resilience, sealing, air tightness layers and detailing
• Moisture vapour:
  • resistance, hygro-scopicity, permeability, breathing, moisture mass
• Sun:
  • movement joints, insulation, shielding, invulnerable materials
• Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, shielding, cleaning
• Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,
• Sound:
  • Insulation, absorption, acoustic mass, separation, isolation,
• Attack:
  • toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection
• Insulating: thermal insulation, thermal mass,
• Electromagnetic radiation: Absorbs, shields

Partition properties

• Wall Categories
• Partition, Party/Separating walls, Compartment walls
• Systems
• Brick/block units, Monolithic, frame and sheet, sandwich panels
• Appearance
• Structural strength and stability
• Loadbearing, non-loadbearing
• Wind pressure buffeting post, stability stiffening posts, head and abutment restraint, joint reinforcement
• Fire Protection
• Fire resistance, spread of flame
• Stability, integrity, insulation
• Durability and maintenance
• Thermal performance
• Insulation, thermal mass, cold bridge avoidance, air tightness
• Acoustic performance:
• Noise barrier, sound absorption, flanking sound,

Partition Properties

• Movement
• Thermal, structural, moisture
• Security
• Prevent Entry, Resist Attack, Restrain occupants
• Party walls
• Structural fire precautions, structural stability, Condensation and Insulation, sound control
• Compartment Walls
• Fixed Partitions
• Relocate able Partitions
• Cubicles
• Mobile Partitions

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© GBE NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan *
24th October 2018 – 22nd November 2019