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GBE A38 Waste (Checklist)

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    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Problems/Solutions:


    Issues:

    Problems:

    Misunderstandings:

    Solutions:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016 – 6th July 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Consider/Avoid:


    Consider:

    Substitute:

    Minimise:

    Avoid:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Health/Environmental


    Health:

    Environmental:

    Wellbeing:

    Biophilia:

    Biodiversity:

    Safety:

    Precautionary principle:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Resourceful:


    Resource Efficiency:

    Industry/Sector Initiatives:

    Reduce:

    Reclaim:

    Reuse:

    Recycle:

    Recover:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Use/Maintenance


    In Use Issues:

    Maintenance issue:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    Waste issues:


    Waste Issues:

    Hazardous waste:

    Deleterious Substances:

    Waste statistics:

    Waste minimisation:

    Waste management:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Checklist: LNN Title
    End of Life:


    End of Life options:

    Demount ability:

    Remanufacture:

    Recycle:


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Jargon Buster:


    GBE Jargon Buster

    Theme

    Initial, Abbreviations & Acronyms

    Classification

    Words & Phrases


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Checklist:


    GBE Checklist(s)

    New Build

    Refurbishment

    Refurbishment: Decent Homes


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    CPD/Lectures:


    GBE CPD

    Topics

    • Refurbishment
    • Housing
    • Non-Domestic
    • GreenDeal

    Seminars

    • _

    GBE Lectures

    Theme

    • Elemental

    Subjects


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Case Studies:


    GBE Case Studies

    Buildings

    Portfolio

    Events

    Information


    GBE Evidence Based Case

    Buildings


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016 – 6th July 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Projects:


    GBE Projects

    Events

    Information


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Calculators:


    GBE Calculators

    Equations

    Datasets

    Product Data Sheets

    Calculators


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Products:


    GBE Products

    All

    Build

    Interior

    Infrastructure

    Services

    Landscape

    Recycled


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016 – 6th July 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Accessories:


    GBE Accessories


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Systems:


    GBE Systems


    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    21st January 2016

    GBE Issue Paper: Title; Subtopic: Name
    Images:


    GBE CPD

    • CPD Covers
    • CPD Slides
    • CPD Shows
    • CPD Handouts

    GBE Images

    • Icons
    • Logos
    • Pinterest
    • Videos

    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    6th July 2016

    GBE Checklist: A38 Waste
    18 All:


    Waste:

    • Material efficiency and waste
    • Waste management in use
    • Waste Hierarchies
    • Other waste hierarchies
    • Construction Demolition & Excavatiion Waste: Facts & Figures

    Materials Efficiency & Waste:

    • Design to reuse second hand reclaimed materials: find the materials then design the building around them
    • E.g. Steel in Doncaster’s Earth Centre Roofs, by Bill Dunster
    • The total CO2 created by making materials for a building can be reduced by reuse and recycling materials
    • Avoid materials that downcycle as opposed to recycle: e.g. PVC’s properties change in reprocessing so Virgin PVC must be used or recycled PVC has limited application
    • Steel normally contains a high percentage of scrap added in smelting process and can be reprocessed into same grade of steel
    • Design to minimise waste: acknowledge the manufacturing size when designing components and assemblies
    • Acknowledge brick sizes when designing wall lengths, same applies to blockwork and timber constructions
    • Ensure the design of a building accommodates easy storage of separate recyclate, easy composting routes (e.g. direct exit from kitchen worktop to external composting system for organic green waste)
    • Design for low cost, efficient deconstruction

    CONSIDER

    • Compatibility of material mix, to increase quality of ‘deconstructed’ materials for re-use or recycling purposes
    • Avoid polymer migration between plastics
    • Minimise use of composites that are difficult to separate, this applied to packaging too

    Deconstruct not demolition:

    • Assemble steel framed building with clamps and bolts in preference to welding; this permits a degree of off-site prefabrication and simple on-site work
    • Assemble timber buildings with bolts, screws and other fasteners in preference to nailing and adhesives
    • Assemble with locational methods of assembly, e.g. Insulation squeeze insert release
    • Assemble using ballast in preference to fastenings and adhesives to allow the building to be deconstructed, and components to be used again. E.g. waterproof membranes
    • Design for deconstruction and reuse: avoid welding, adhesives and nails; use, clamping, bolting, ballast and screws
    • Enable product-purchase to become function-purchase – e.g. very low cost leasing of mechanical or electrical systems and heating appliances; maintains optimum efficiencies and therefore lower carbon emissions through appropriate servicing, and reduces capital costs, enabling operational savings to pay for higher cost of environmentally-better equipment

    WASTE MANAGEMENT IN USE:

    • See R31 for more detail
    • Waste segregation at the kitchen sink
    • EcoHomes: Minimum 3 bins: under kitchen sink and 3 bins outside
    • Compostable, Recycleable & Waste
    • Waste segregation bins and temporary storage
    • Composting for soil improvement
    • Vertical home grown food
    • Offsite segregation is possible with the right partnering, at segregation and bulking sites

    WASTE HIERARCHIES:

    • Waste Hierarchies: Establishment definition (Pre-2011)
    • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover

    Waste Hierarchy

    • If rejected, find a ways to reuse it
    • if rejected, find a way to recycle it
    • Incinerate to recover energy
    • Landfill

    Waste Hierarchy
    NGS definition/the ideal

    • Refuse, Reject, Return, Redesign, Reduce, ReSpec, Reuse, Reclaim, Retain, Recycle, Recover

    Refuse

    • Refuse unnecessary, excessive, complex or all packaging and protection
    • Under the Packaging Producer Responsibility Act the manufacturer is responsible for dealing with waste packaging
    • either directly or by others at their expense
    • Segregate it and require it to be collected by the producer after installation/practical completion

    Refuse

    • Supply chain management:
    • Partnering can offer opportunities to demand a better service from manufacturers
    • Reduction in packaging
    • Reconsideration of pallet packing
    • Adequate protection and no more
    • Return of all packaging to source

    Reject

    • Ensure all deliveries are checked
    • Reject defective material
    • Return rejects to supplier/manufacturer for them to be replaced with merchantable quality
    • Defective materials should be returned to supplier/manufacturer, they may salvage materials and reuse them
    • Let them foot the waste removal bill and not the site

    Return

    • Sale or return ensures over ordered and unused materials can be taken back into stock if unused
    • Take-back schemes provide waste containers or skips for collection of scraps and return to manufacture to reuse as raw materials
    • Schemes are emerging to return materials to manufacturer, at low cost
    • Courier companies in a hurry delivering packages return empty, offering slow returns of goods to source
    • Damaged or waste materials can be returned to manufacturer with multiple deliveries
    • Packaging Producer Responsibility Regulations make it possible to send packaging back to manufacturers
    • Better still for them to collect it

    Redesign to reduce

    • Reduce off-cuts by designing to manufactured sizes
    • Walter Segal’s Segal Method used 8×4 sheets and 4×2 and 8×2 timbers
    • No waste, only cutting to length and drilling

    Reduce Demand

    • Don’t over design structure
    • Except if long design life demands it
    • Don’t oversize
    • Don’t cut L from rectangle use two rectangles to make it
    • Reduce quantity of materials, energy, etc. used and wasted

    Respecify to Reduce Rejects

    • CONSIDER lowering standards to reduce rejection rate
    • natural materials have natural variations: select logs don’t reject final products
    • Quality rejects or offcuts from “for sale” might go into “for rent”
    • damaged face used in hidden face

    Reuse

    • No changes occur to the materials reused in exactly the same form
    • Bricks reused as bricks (lime mortar removed)
    • Lime is reuseable
    • Doors reused as doors (some repairs required)

    CONSIDER

    • materials for reuse in new works, e.g
    • Off cuts reused as blocking and props in timber framing

    Reclaim

    • Salvage and reuse of demolition and construction materials
    • Methods of assessment or test of materials
    • Softwood timbers for use in timber studwork
    • Salvage inspection chamber covers and frames
    • Recycled materials
    • Downcycled materials
    • Upcycled materials

    Retain

    • Retain unused materials for Reuse/Repair
    • Snagging at end of job
    • Defects Liability Period Repairs
    • Employers FM in maintenance/repair
    • Sheets of flooring from same batch
    • Pots of paint from same batch
    • Spares for components

    Recycle

    • Properties of material do not change can be recycled as same materials
    • Metals recycled as Metals
    • (fine chemical corrections are part of normal production)
    • Can the project make use of any existing redundant materials?
    • Can the Employer (Client) make use of the materials on site/campus?
    • Grub up brickwork inspection chamber and ground floor and foundations and reduce for hardcore

    Downcycle

    • Reduction in properties often occurs in plastics
    • Can’t be used in original form
    • Relegated to a lesser or different task
    • Polyethylene sheet as black bin bags

    Upcycle

    • Where a material can be converted into something better (greater value) in its second life:
    • Scaffold board used in making a door
    • Pallets dismantled and made into furniture
    • Subsoil and green waste compost mixed to make topsoil
    • Landscape waste: Grass, leaves, new growth trimmings, shrubs: can any be composted?

    Recover

    • Rubber tyres are being reduced to:
    • recycled metal wires
    • reinforcing of concrete and screeds
    • rubber crumb
    • soft paving materials
    • acoustic isolation strips

    Recovered Materials

    • WRAP EnviroCentre Halcrow defn:
    • Recycled demolition materials
    • Recovered Secondary Aggregates

    Waste Hierarchy: The reality

    • Reduce: very little is done, its nobody’s responsibility
    • Reuse & Recycle: some but not enough
    • Incinerate: too much
    • Landfill: very high percentage

    Incinerate

    • Rubber tyres are being reduced to a high calorific value fuel in Cement Kilns to reduce CO2 emissions
    • Some domestic waste is incinerated to generate electricity

    Landfill

    • Where only the last few bits are left that cannot be put to other use
    • In reality most goes there by default

    OTHER WASTE HIERARCHIES

    • New-build
    • Landscape
    • Existing Buildings
    • Brownfield Sites
    • Remediate Fill sites
    • Demolition
    • Run down areas

    New-build:

    • Redesign to Reduce
    • Redesign to Deconstruct
    • Re-specify to Reduce Rejection
    • Recheck quantities Required
    • Reduce defects by protection
    • Return excess to source
    • Reuse/Recover

    New-build:

    • Store for Remedial action: snagging
    • Store for Repairs: 6 months defects
    • Segregate to Reuse
    • Segregate to Recycle
    • Segregate to Reduce: Skip hire and Landfill Tax
    • Remove foreign objects to recycle

    Landscape

    • Set-up composting areas on site
    • Collect seeds and dry
    • Rake grass and compost leaves
    • Cut grass, Retain grass cuttings and compost
    • Reclaim wild turf and flowers
    • Post notice on exchange website to sell wild turf
    • Retain topsoil in stockpiles
    • Relay turf on topsoil stockpiles
    • Retain subsoil in stockpiles
    • Set seeds and turf on topsoil stockpiles to discourage weeds

    Soft Landscape

    • Spread subsoil over whole site to lose it
    • Cut turf from topsoil stockpile
    • Relay topsoil over subsoil
    • Rejuvenate topsoil with Compost
    • Relay turf on topsoil
    • Recreate topsoil with subsoil & compost
    • Relay any seeds

    Hard Landscape

    • Retain hard materials for hardcore
    • Retain concrete to crush for aggregate
    • Reuse aggregate in concrete mix to foundations and haunches
    • Reuse hard materials as hardcore base to new paths and roads

    Exiting buildings:

    • Remove Remains of bird and animals
    • Remove Recreational drug paraphernalia carefully
    • Record details to Repeat
    • Remove infected structure and fabric to incinerate off site

    Exiting buildings:

    • Reclaim for Reuse
    • Recover for Repair and Refix
    • Refurbish not Replace
    • Redecorate
    • Reoccupy

    Brownfield site:

    • Record Wildlife Biodiversity to be maintained or enhanced
    • Reuse or recycle building and site
    • Reuse site to regenerate area
    • Recreate wild life habitat on Roof

    Remediate fill sites:

    • Resist Removing polluted fill to landfill
    • Resist Removing fill to landfill
    • Retain fill on site
    • Cover and Vent
    • Reduce ODP collect/burn methane
    • Remediate soil insitu
    • Raise to vent Radon Radioactive gas
    • Raise floor level to avoid excavation of fill

    Demolition:

    • Record pre-demolition audit and post on Websites
    • Recover FFE by soft strip, Reuse elsewhere
    • Remove finishes which become impurities preventing reuse
    • Deconstruct to Reclaim for Reuse

    Demolition:

    • Raze to the ground
    • Reclaim for Reuse
    • Reduce and Recycle
    • Recycle, downcycle and upcycle
    • Reuse the Reclaimed

    A run down area:

    • Renewal
    • Regererate
    • Regentrify but not at the expense of the existing communities

    CD&E CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION WASTE FACTS AND FIGURES

    90 m tonnes of construction, demolition & excavation waste leaves site in a skip each year

    Sources

    EA survey (national survey, estimates, carried out in 1999/2000

    • 72.5 m tonnes/annum
    • Figures do not include road planings, nor materials re-used without processing on the site where they arose.

    Mass Balance Survey Viridis/CIRIA Viridis report VR4 2002

    • 90 m tonnes/annum
    • More thorough survey, bigger range

    BRE facts & figures Waste

    • Total industries: 400 m tonnes/year
    • Mining & Quarrying: 110 m tonnes/yr
    • Construction Ind C,D&E: 90 m t/year

    Resource Efficiency

    (CIRIA/VIRIDIS REPORT VR4 2002)

    • Can’t afford Green?
    • QS cost plan does not allow for green materials
    • So how do you get them into the project once in contract?
    • Save on waste and afford all you want
    • Save 50% of 36% you have 18% more budget to spend on materials

    The hidden budget

    • 36% wasted materials x 50% reduction in waste =
    • 18% to spend on materials, labour is already allowed for

    Cost of Waste

    • DTI and CE Site Waste Management Plans event: 2004
    • Waste accounts for 3% of build costs and 20% of materials costs

    Savings from waste management

    • Greenwich Millennium Village 1300 unit housing site £150,000 saved so far
    • Swindon St Margaret’s Hospital £140m budget £850,000 saved by waste management alone

    Waste management/minimisation

    • Don’t over order and waste it (13m tonnes/annum)
    • Reduce waste and save its value
    • Redesign to reduce off-cuts (33% = 30 m tonnes/annum)

    Waste Arising: Of the materials delivered to the UK’s building sites,

    • 90 m tonnes/year leave in mixed material skips
    • 17 – 21 m tonnes/year of packaging and protection
    • 13 m tonnes/year is new and unused construction material

    Waste Arising

    • 13 m tonnes/year is new and unused construction material
    • Not JIT Just in time but JIC Just in case
    • Over ordered, never needed?
    • Inaccurate measurement? +/-10%
    • Late instructions, revised design?
    • 50%-50% split of QRE Quality Related Events

    Waste arising

    • 33.8 m tonnes (46%) C,D&E waste mainly hard demolition waste:
    • concrete and bricks, likely to include non-inert material such as timber and plasterboard
    • 23.7 m tonnes (33%) soil including stones and rock and classed as ‘inert’
    • 15.0 m tonnes (21%) mixed C,D&E waste and soil likely to include non-inert waste

    BRE facts & figures: Construction waste by volume

    • Timber 13.8%
    • Concrete 10.2%
    • Inert materials 7.1%
    • Ceramics 8.6%
    • Insulation 7.5%
    • Plastics 3.2%
    • Packaging 25.9%
    • Metals 4%
    • Plaster & Cement 11.5%
    • Misc 9.6%

    Key Waste Products KWP:

    • Plastic Packaging
    • Cardboard
    • Timber Pallets
    • Insulation
    • Plasterboard
    • Timber Generally
    • Timber packaging
    • Blocks
    • Bricks
    • Miscellaneous

    Waste by Building type: Timber

    • Office 1.195-2.58
    • Office 0.201
    • Leisure 0.058
    • Restaurant 2.667
    • Housing:
    • Concrete 1.703
    • Traditional 1.65-2.56
    • Timber 1.244
    • Hemp: 0.945

    Common Waste Causes

    • Offcuts: 33.2%
    • Recycleable packaging: 18.7%
    • Excess deliveries 18%
    • Temporary materials: 10.3%
    • Reusable packaging: 14.4%
    • Site Office and Canteen: 4.1%
    • Damaged through methods of work: 3.2%
    • Unsuitable storage: 1%
    • No apparent reason
    • Excavation material
    • Clearing site

    Costs: sample project (BRE)

    • Timber pkg £28k
    • Plasterboard £26k
    • Rockwool £16k
    • Timber £16k
    • Pallets £8k
    • Blocks £1k
    • Miscellaneous £6k
    • Plastic pkg £2.5k
    • Cardboard £2.5k
    • Bricks £0.8k

    Demolition waste % by volume (BRE limited studies)

    • Concrete: 52.6%
    • Ceramics: 22.5%
    • Furniture 16.6%
    • Timber 3.4%
    • Miscellaneous 1.9%
    • Metal 1.4%
    • Plastic 1.3%
    • Electrical Goods 0.3%

    Demolition reuse and recycling potential (BRE limited studies)

    • Reusable 40.6%
    • Reusable but soiled 1.2%
    • Recycleable 27.3%
    • Energy from waste 3.4%
    • Inert waste to landfill 17% 16mt
    • Mixed waste to landfill 10.4% 9mt

    Disposal routes

    • Recycled aggregates and stone: 25 m tonnes
    • Beneficially re-used at licensed landfills: 9.5 m tonnes
    • Used at registered exempt sites: 20.3 m tonnes
    • Disposed of at licensed landfills: 17.5 m tonnes

    Recycling facts & figures

    • Construction waste recycled 20%
    • C,D&E waste recycled 45% (Hardcore)
    • Reclaimed and reused in construction 3.3 m tonnes/year
    • BRE figures based on EA survey 1999/2000

    UK Reclamation Industry

    • 1500 fragmented businesses
    • Individually quite small
    • Reuse of products rather than recycle saving processing energy
    • 3m tonnes per year
    • Main Markets are domestic
    • Salvo’s Website is a hub to 150 companies

    UK Reclamation Industry

    • Stone walling 1083 k tonnes
    • Clay/Stone paving 672 k tonnes
    • Clay bricks 443 k tonnes
    • Timber 371 k tonnes
    • Clay roof tiles 306 k tonnes
    • Timber beams 133 k tonnes
    • Floor boards 101 k tonnes
    • Antique stone 90 k tonnes
    • Iron & Steel 90 k tonnes
    • Antique timber 29 k tonnes

    Case Study: 

    Carillion St Margaret’s Hospital Swindon

    • £140 m project
    • £850,000 saved from waste segregation alone
    • £200,000 on plasterboard alone

    GMV Greenwich Millennium Village

    • saved £150,000

    Constructing Excellence EPI Environment Performance Indicators:

    • Timber 1.54
    • Concrete 1.41
    • Inert 0.76
    • Ceramic 1.06
    • Insulation 0.69
    • Plastic 0.27
    • Packaging 2.26
    • Metal 0.47
    • Plaster/cement 1.27
    • Miscellaneous 0.85

    Production waste stock piles: 6000 m tonnes of waste stockpiled in UK

    • Scotland, Wales and West Country
    • e.g. Welsh Colliery spoil mountains
    • Part of the Welsh heritage and landscape
    • Quarries filled
    • Now being mined for secondary aggregates

    Slate production:

    • For every tonne of roofing slates created 100 tonnes of waste
    • Welsh quarries: explosions are used to extract slate

    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    11th July 2014 –  25th August 2016

    © GBE NGS ASWS BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy
    25th August 2016

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