GBE CPD Metadata

• File Name: SusCon Retrofitting 1 Global Imperative to Retrofitting Objectives PDF Show
• File Type: PDF of PPT
• File Size: PDF Show: 1 mb
• Number of Slides/Pages: PDF Show: 119 Slides
• Course: Retrofitting Practical Toolkit for Architects CPD 2010 Programme Sustainable Construction
• Course Authors: Brian Murphy of GBE and Cath Hassell of ech2o
• Created for: Retrofitting Course SusCon RIBA S/SE Architects CPD
• Sponsored by SEEDA, ESF, BSSP;
• Presented to: Retrofitting Course SusCon RIBA S/SE Architects CPD
• Author: BrianSpecMan aka Brian Murphy ONC HNC Construction BSc Dip Architecture (Hons+Dist)
• © GBE GBL GBC NGS ASWS 2010 – 2014
• Created: 2010
• Revision: 5
• Updated: 2014
• Previously published on Scribd: 31/03/2010
• Scribd reads: 807 @06/01/2013
• Tags: CPD Course, Retrofitting,
• ProductSets: Methods of Construction, Materials, Building Elements,
• UserGroups: Students, Architects, Assistants, Technicians, Structural Engineers, Constructors
• Scope: Global Imperative to Retrofit Objectives
• Course: Retrofitting Practical Toolkit for Architects CPD 2010 Programme Sustainable Construction

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GBE CPD Content

(without images; See the slide show for the images)

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1 From Global imperative to Retrofit objectives

• From Global imperative to Retrofit objectives
• The following aspects of sustainable retrofit will be covered,
• Global Imperative include an over view of the contribution the built environment makes to climate change focusing on the building types in question.
• Refurbishment/Retrofit statistics
• Retrofit Jargon Buster
• Hierarchies: carbon/energy, water, resources,
• Design Objectives: Is Code Level 5 (energy) enough?
• TSB Retrofit Programme and potential outputs
• Services Issues and strategies for solutions
• Human Issues: equipping the building is not enough the occupants make it work or fail, how to accommodate them
• Retrofit Information Resources and websites

Retrofitting – Why use an architect?

• Thorough briefing process can lead to tailored solutions
• Designed, planned, anticipated, no surprises
• Can see the vision, can plan the building, can anticipate the construction sequence, can design the whole, can integrate the services, can comply with all the rules.
• Briefing the design team to work towards a coherent environmental solution
• Integrated design: many players, one conductor
• Right first time? Exploring more than one scenario of integrated building fabric and services
• Architects can have a wider understanding of materials and methods to consider
• Green Policing of materials and construction: independently of the builder and his supply chain and financial deals
• Aesthetics: compared with surveyors or technicians?, no exclusivity.
• How do you develop a wide understanding rapidly?
• Joining forces with other green designers in all disciplines.
• Green networking and membership groups.
• Tools at your disposal to justify the solution.

What do you want to know about?

• What do you already know?
• What do you think you want to know more about?
• I will attempt to focus on these things
• So this is for you, rather than by me
• Ask questions as they occur to you
• Relax, get comfortable and enjoy the day
• I am going to try to enjoy it so should you

This Venue

• FM
  • Building Fabric upgrades
  • Services upgrades
  • Controls upgrades
• Receptionist
  • People
  • Interaction
• Brian
• Cath

Jargon Buster: Retrofit

• Retrofit
• Retrofit: Fashionable name for Refurbishment but with a hint of Fit-out and EcoBling
• Fit out: Refitting of office and retail often occurs at short intervals (too short)
• EcoBling: Renewable energy attachment to buildings (wind turbines, PT, PV-T, ST) in preference to improving the thermal and energy efficiency first

Wikipedia: Retrofitting

• Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems.
• home energy retrofit, the improving of existing buildings with energy efficiency equipment
• No mention of insulation

Wikipedia: Green Retrofit

• Green retrofit, home energy retrofit, home retrofit,[1] Deep energy retrofit and home performance retrofit[2] are terms with overlapping meaning for retrofits that ensure the maintenance and preservation of buildings and the continued operation and maintenance of energy efficiency technologies.[3].
• The meaning ranges from steps home owners can do themselves[4] to buying up distressed properties and making them certifiably green.[5].

See Also:

• EcoBling (CPD)
• Are you Green Or Violet (CPD)
• Violet (CPD) G#408 N#409
• Greenwash (CPD) G#289 N#290
• Renewables Energy Heat & Efficient Kit (CPD)

Fuel Poverty:

• usually relates to a household that needs to spend more than 10% of its income on fuel for cooking, hot water and heating.
  • based on Hastoe HA www.GreenStreet.org (no longer)
• Will apply to buildings too expensive to cool, in near future
• See also Fuel Poverty (CPD)

Decent Homes:

• A Government established standard to ensure that all social housing meets a set decency standard by 2010.
  By definition a decent home is one which is wind and weather tight, warm and has modern facilities
  • (ODPM 2002).
• To meet this definition, homes must meet the current statutory minimum standard for housing, be in a reasonable state of repair, have reasonably modern facilities and services, and provide a reasonable degree of thermal comfort.
  • (Hastoe HA GreenStreet.org)

The Decent Homes Programme

• required 1 million properties to be upgraded to a set decency standard.
• It resulted in vast amounts of perfectly good materials being stripped out of buildings by default and sent to landfill.
• Decent homes are well below sustainability standards like Code for Sustainable Homes and so they will need to be refurbished yet again,
• once the Code for Sustainable Refurbishment of Homes is established.
• See Also: Refurbishment Decent Homes (CPD) N#320

EcoHomes XB (eXisting Buildings)

• was established by BRE well after the Decent Homes Programme started and was aimed at RSL Stock improvement (impacts measurement and management) and had little effect on the Decent Homes Programme.
• (GreenSpec AEP ’09)

EcoHomes XB

• Rationalised:
• Weatherstripping: first
• Wind turbines: not at all

PAYS Pay As You Save

• UKGBC’s Scheme
• The Home Energy ‘Pay As You Save’ (PAYS) will give households the opportunity to invest in energy efficiency and micro-generation technologies in their homes with no upfront cost.
• Householders will make repayments spread over a long enough period so that repayments are lower than their predicted energy bill savings, meaning financial and carbon savings are made from day one.

PAYS Pilot

• The London Borough of Sutton is one of only four UK boroughs that have been chosen to pilot PAYS and we are now looking for 100 residents who would like to participate.
• Delivered in a partnership between Sutton Council, B&Q, BioRegional, the Energy Saving Trust and the Department of Energy and Climate Change, the scheme aims to deliver immediate financial and carbon savings to Sutton residents.
• Participants in the scheme will receive an eco audit from B&Q to find out what should be done to their home to make it more energy efficient.
• They will then receive a grant and a subsidised loan to carry out these improvements.

PAYS in Energy Bill

• Energy Security & Green Economy Bill
• announced in 2010 Queen’s Speech
• “provide a step change in the provision of energy efficiency measures to homes and businesses“
• http://tenalps.communigatormail2.co.uk/tenalpslz/lz.aspx?p1=0571195S188&CC=&w=4045&cID=0&cValue=1

UK GBC

• UK Green Building Council
• Trying to bring together the best of what the UK has
• to address the UKs construction industry
• To help it address the Green Agenda

EPCs

• Energy Performance Certificates
• If you sell your house you have to have one
• It tells the prospective buyer how (in)efficient the house is and how much better it could be
• The surveyors do not know what they are looking at
• They do not investigate to find out what is there and make assumptions or say ‘not inspected’ (just like estate agents)
• Suggest improvement opportunities based on inadequate surveys and unintelligence about eco-bling
• See Also: EPC Energy Performance Certificates (CPD)

CfSH

• Code for Sustainable Homes
  • Embraces existing tried and tested standards: Lifetime Homes, Parker Morris+. etc.
  • BRE invented parts made in a rush and do not work
• Ambitious compared to EcoHomes (now Scotland only)
• Applies to:
  • Speculative developers and RSL, not normally private and one off
  • New Build
• Required by Regional Bodies
  • Not fully supported by Planning Authorities
• Challenged by developer’s solicitors
  • Compensation being sought
• Challenged by the sector greenies on:
  • Energy: AECB’s Carbon Lite Programme
  • Water: AECB’s Water Standards
  • Materials: BRBP Renewable Building & GreenSpec
    • (Became ASBP)

• See Also: Code for Sustainable Homes (CPD)

FiT

• Feed-In Tariffs
• Like Germany get paid for providing excess electricity to the grid
• Unlike Germany we do not get 5:1 paid:pay
• Better to use it to power low voltage systems in building
• Charge an electric car

RHI

• Renewable Heat Incentive
• Make renewable heat
  • –Be paid for doing it
• Use it at low temperature
  • –Domestic Hot water
  • –Under floor heating
  • –in wall/ceiling heating
• Don’t use it in radiators
  • –Not suited to retrofit?

CERT:

• Energy Providers
• Required to reduce Carbon
• £1 bn/year,
• £38/household
• Efficient light bulbs given free
• House energy monitors given free

Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT)

• Green grants for home improvements
• You might not even need to pay for the whole cost of your energy saving home improvements.
• The Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) means that grants and offers are available that could pay for some or all of the work
• For financial help with your energy saving home improvements, find grants and offers now .

CESP:

• HEM Impact Assessment
• Heating & Energy Management
• £3000/house
• Lofts and Cavities

Green Mortgages

• Ecological Building Society
  • For Ecological, Renovation, Refurbishment, Conservation quality too
  • Available throughout the construction process as well as after
• Norwich & Peterborough BS
• Others

Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders

• Government un-joined-up thinking
• Demolish everything
  • Squander resources
  • Who will pay for the demolition?
• Destroy Communities
  • Communities up in arms
• Start from scratch
  • New Build

See Also:

• Regeneration Pathfinder Programme (CPD)
• Jargon Buster: Carbon Dioxide (CPD)
• Jargon Buster: Adaptation & Mitigation (CPD)
• Global Imperative (CPD)

Built Environment Existing Property

Built Environment

• include an over view of the contribution the built environment makes to climate change
  • focusing on the building types in question.
  • Refurbishment/Retrofit statistics

UK Housing Stock Stats

• The UK has the oldest housing stock in the developed world
• One in five UK homes were built before 1918
• 50% of homes are over 50 years old
• 20% are over 100 years old and have solid walls
• Six million homes are classified as ‘non decent’
• More than 800,000 are vacant and could be refurbished

Decent Homes (2006 updated definition)

• 7.7 m non-decent homes in 2006
• 35% of the stock
• 5.3 million are owner-occupied
• 1.2 million are privately rented
• 1.1m are in the social rented sector.
  • Decent Homes Programme:
  • 1m refurbishments by 2010

Decent Homes

• Within social housing,
• the most common reason for failing the standard is
  • homes failing to provide adequate thermal comfort

EPC (2010 date)

• Energy Performance Certificate’s
• Current energy efficiency rating bands
• all homes:
  • 41% rated band E
• Houses
  • 10% of band A or B in 2006.
• Flats:
  • 39% band D
  • 25% bands A-C
• Despite all this we still choose by: Location, Location, Location:
  • Schools,
  • Good areas v bad
  • Trains v good roads,

SAP energy efficiency rating

• Many not energy efficient
  • Mean rating SAP = 52
  • target rating SAP =  80
• Housing stock average SAP rating:
  • 2010: SAP = 52
  • 2006: SAP = 49
  • 1996: SAP = 42

See Also:

• Existing Housing Stock (CPD)
• Empty Property (CPD)

Housing Energy Stats (BRE) (2010)

• Average house energy consumption
  • Heating 60%
  • DHW 24%
• Energy Loss:
  • 25% roof,
  • 35% walls,
  • 15% floor,
  • 10% windows
  • 15% doors

Departures from norm

• Buildings of many eras, construction methods, materials and servicing methods
  • Result in different pie charts
  • One solution does not fit all
• Different occupancy levels with different lifestyles choices and economic situations
  • –Result in different energy use patterns within any building type
• Focus on the building not the occupants
  • –Occupants move on, new ones bring their own pie charts
• Facilitate the occupant during the process

Disadvantages:

• Easy to treat inadequately
• Hard to Treat (HTT)
  • Historic buildings are considered hard to treat
• Expensive to treat
• Not permitted to treat
• We learn as we go

‘Easy to treat’ inadequately

• Cavity walls
  • easy to treat
  • but woefully inadequate when treated
  • still require other treatments
• Internal or external insulation?

‘Hard to treat’

• Half the housing stock in the UK
• Not hard, just not straightforward
  • No cavities to fill
  • No loft space to insulate
• External insulation or internal insulation?
  • Loss of architectural or interior detail
  • Raise roofs?
    • Flashings to new details
    • Verge treatments
  • Move rainwater goods
  • Modify drain entry
  • Modify window & door reveals and sills

‘Expensive to treat’

• Loss of floor area:
  • rental value,
  • will it still fit afterwards?
• Kitchens, Bathrooms, Stairs
• Disturbance of occupants during work
• Changes to details
  • may cause complications and compromises
  • Don’t compromise

‘Not permitted to treat’

• Listed Building and Conservation area
  • Insulation not permitted to encroach on public pavements
  • Encourages EcoBling
• Not allowed to change appearance outside and in
• Not allowed to improve the windows

Better solutions will come later

• Lessons will be learned along the way
• We use to argue for eco-bling
• Now we argue for insulation first
• Innovative materials will become cheaper

Built Environment Retrofit Stats & Objectives

EHF urges MEPs June 2010

• European Housing Forum
  • 12 international organisations
• Urge a focus on the renovation of the existing housing stock as a means to:
• raise Europe’s living standards,
• create employment and
• ensure quality, decent and affordable homes for all.

EU statement

• renovation of existing homes within the EU should be a policy priority for the 27 EU Members States
• Governments are responsible to ensure citizens live in adequate homes whose maintenance and energy bills are affordable.
• current financial instability & increasing cost of credit,
• many housing providers and homeowners have serious difficulties to
• rehabilitate existing homes and adapt them to the needs derived from demographic changes, such as ageing and immigration,
• meet agreed energy efficiency and carbon reduction targets in 2020.

European Housing Forum

• encourage policy-makers at local and national level
• to adopt appropriate policies focused on changing consumer behaviour through political leadership
• especially at the local level and effective measures such as financial incentives for homeowners, tenants and landlords, cheaper long-term finance and other innovative financial tools.

At European level

• forum pleads for the inclusion of housing as a priority in
• second EU energy efficiency action plan;
• inclusion of housing for excluded segments of the population
• urban development in the post-2013 European Cohesion Funds.

EHF Co-chair & Spokesman Ian Perry FRICS:

• The focus on the renovation of the existing housing stock tackles several key challenges that are facing governments today.
• Economic crisis
  • renovation means job creation.
  • It has been estimated that around 1 full time job is created each time 4 dwellings are renovated.
• Climate challenge
  • renovating homes (as needed) means less energy used, and less CO2 emitted.
• Fuel Poverty

EU Fuel Poverty

• energy poverty of home owners and tenants alike.
• 79 million people in the EU,
• 16% of the population,
• are currently at risk of poverty.
• likely to increase, as are fossil fuel prices.”

UK objectives

• Existing housing stock: release150 m tonnes CO2/annum
• older buildings contributing disproportionately.
• November 2008 Climate Change Bill
  • Revised target:
  • 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050
  • 100% is impossible looking at buildings alone
• sustainable refurbishment best practice will contribute significantly
• central & key part of market transformation of the construction sector.

Housing objectives

• Homes account for 27% of the UK’s carbon dioxide emissions
  • Source: DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government).
• Around 90% of today’s homes will still be standing in 2050,
  • (target date for the 80% cut in CO2)
• Refurbishing existing stock is acknowledged as an essential if we are to meet our carbon emissions targets

Scale of Mass Retrofitting

• 7 m homes
• By 2030 all buildings: Low Energy
• Need to retrofit:
  • 500,000 properties/annum before 2020
  • 240,000/annum 2020 onwards

Carbon Objectives of Mass Retrofitting

• 29% Carbon reduction by 2020
  • (on 1990 levels)
• 80% Carbon reduction by 2050
  • (on 1990 levels)
• 80% refurbished by 2050

Economic opportunity

• £135 bn/annum industry needed
• £28 bn over 8 years (domestic)
• £3.5 bn/annum
• 3500 homes/day
• 40,000 – 150,000 jobs created

Costs of Retrofit

• Standard package:
  • simple intervention: £3000 – £4000
  • Education, Insulation, Thermal breaks, no compromises, air & wind tightness, moisture management, ventilation, education
• Expensive package:
  • £10,000 – £25,000
  • EcoBling

Barriers

• 2008 Financial crash
• City & Global licensed gambling establishments tempted Government Chancellor into bank rolling their bankrupt businesses & high flyers bonuses
  • Construction Industry in the doldrums
  • Public services into the doldrums next
• New build industry not able to move to retrofit easily

Opportunities

• Self build /manage >5%
  • is very strong market
• Pensions invested in buildings
  • Or camper-van, yacht or cruse holidays
  • OAPs go to Spain for mild cheap winters
• Build/retrofit for no utility bill life-styles
  • Autonomous ambitions
  • Ahead of the construction industry

Funding opportunities

• CERT: £1 bn/year, £38/household
• CESP: 60,000 homes/3 years
• FIT: Expensive, Sustainable
• RHI: Expensive, Risk not Sustainable
• Green Mortgages
• PAYS: Pay As You Save scheme

Design

• Approaches

Design Objectives:

• Zero Carbon is impossible
  • with our Professionals & Construction Industry as it is
• Code 6 requires Eco Bling
• Code 5 can be achieved without the Eco-Bling
  • if you know what you are doing – CarbonLite Prorgamme does
• Is Code Level 5 (energy) enough? No.
  • Add appliance and equipment efficiency
  • Add: Water consumption (carbon load)
  • Add: Low Carbon Materials
  • Add Material & Resource Efficiency
  • Add: Biodiversity, Etc.

Whole House Plan

• 80% reduction target at end
• If it can’t be done in one hit:
  • Phased/zoned approach
• Phases:
  • Insulation first, EcoBling last
  • Pipes for EcoBling in first phase
  • Supports for EcoBling in first phase
• Zoned: room by room
  • Spare room for decanting: room by room
• Early services:
  • But insulated linings, before kit, complete linings later

Achieving 80% is easy!

• Usable Building Trust Bill Bordass
• Ings Bill Bordass
• See Image in PDF file
• Halve the demand 50%
• Double the efficiency 25%
• Halve the carbon 12.5%
• Total: 87.5%

TSB Retrofit Programme

• 80% reduction with limited budget
• Value Engineering:
  • CO2 saved v £ spent
• Payback periods v Carbon back periods
• Sequence can influence value
• Last in process achieves least % return
• But if rationalised there is less of them

Engage with the numbers

• Design to a performance level
• Verify the building meets the target
• Test it: (Performance Gap)
  • Airtightness: against target
  • Energy consumption: against design
• Post Occupancy Evaluations
  • Refine until the objectives achieved
• Verify design and improve next time
• See Image in PDF Show

Scrutinise the Detail

• Don’t take anything as presented to you
• Test it in your mind and question the claims
• See Diagram in PDF Show

Objectives

• Visit any task once only
• Exploit every opportunity to insulate
• Never revisit,
  • Minimise rework
  • Never redo any job,
  • never waste anything
• Plan ahead
  • Whole house plan
• Do special things that allow general things to happen later
  • Insulation before fitting boiler
  • RE connections whilst insulating the roof

80:20 Rule

• First 80% is achieved with first 20%
  • Design, effort, costs
• Last 20% achieved with last 80%
  • Design, effort, costs

Learning Curve:Forgetting Curve

• See Image in PDF Show

Hierarchies

• Approaches

See Also:

• Resources Hierarchy (CPD)
• Waste Hierarchy (CPD)
• Existing Building Waste Hierarchy (CPD)
• Carbon/energy, Hierarchy (CPD)
• Water, Hierarchy (CPD)
• Water Efficiency (CPD)
• Human Issues & Skills (CPD)

Human Issues

• Its not about the:
  • –Methods of refurbishment interventions
  • –Materials that can be used
  • –Technologies that can service the building
• Its about the humans in the:
  • –Demand Chain that design & police it
  • –Supply Chain that builds and substitutes it
  • –Building that occupy and mismanage it
• Cath Hassell will address these issues in subsequent events in the series of 6

Human Issues:

• equipping the building is not enough
• the occupants make it work or fail,
• how to accommodate them
• Make the building work itself so it is not reliant upon human intervention
• But let the occupier intervene
• Incentivize intervention
• Revert to defaults after set periods

Re-skilling the workforce

• Tradesmen to become multi functional
• Plumbers and electricians
  • Thermal insulation installers
  • Every void opened to be insulated before closing
  • Every hole made to be made airtight before leaving
• Renderers to do insulated render

Re-educating the workforce

• Thermal insulation
  • Air is the insulator
  • Not the insulation itself
  • Air in the insulation
  • Not crammed in so tight that there is no air left in the insulation

See Also: (GBE CPD)

• Low Carbon Lifestyles
• Retrofitting Information Websites & Tools
  • Resources and websites
• Refurb Information
• Refurb Websites
• Retrofitting: Design & Decision Tools
  • Software, Assessment Tools & Websites

Domestic: SAP

• SAP does not work well with seriously low energy buildings
  • –Recent TSB Retrofit experience
  • –refurbishment, extensions, conservatories, attics/room in roof
  • –Ignores electricity use of non-heating
  • –Ignores moisture in building
• Passivhaus PHPP works better
  • –Economic aimed at housing, works with others
  • –Carbon Lite training supported by SusCon in SE

Non-Domestic: SBEM

• SBEM (BRE)
  • was created in a hurry and took many revisions before the professionals could tolerate it
• Passivhaus PHPP works better
  • Economic
  • aimed at housing but works with others
  • Carbon Lite supported by SusCon in SE
• IES
  • expensive focussed on commercial building
  • Do deals with one man bands

BREEAM

• Domestic refurbishment
• Summer 2010 launch
• Aligns with:
  • PAYS, EPCs, T-Zero, CfSH, FiT, RHI
• www.breeam.org/domrefurb
• EcoHomes XB (needs updating)
• Tied to BRE GreenGuide to Specification
  • Here be dragons

BREEAM other buildings

• Many building types
• Refits as well as new
  • Some fundemental flaws
• RICS Ska:
  • better but could do more
• DREAM
• SPEAR
• LEED

See Also: (GBE CPD)

• T-Zero BRE’s Refurbishment Website

TSB

• Technology Strategy Board
• Retrofit for Future Programme
• The projects themselves
  • 80% Carbon reduction
  • Any existing building stock
• The collection: TSB D&DT application
  • –GreenSpec turned down
  • –SusCon asked to do it
  • –GreenSpec and SusCon? Fingers crossed, No luck

Retrofitting Services

• Services Issues and strategies for solutions
• These are addressed in the 5 following sessions
• I am nor an expert
• I try to avoid talking about them
• Cath Hassell of EcH2O and Cut the Carbon is a water and carbon specialist
• Achieving 80% is easy!
  UsableBuildings Bill Bordass

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Retrofitting: Professionals

• Why use an architect?
• Marketing opportunity?

Aspire to become what you desire to appear

• Don’t just ‘talk the talk’
• ‘Walk the walk’
• No Greenwash

Match the Architect to the Task in hand

• Design Architect and Refurbishment
• may not be compatible

Thorough briefing process can lead to tailored solutions

• Briefed
  • Educate the client in the process: Bigger picture
• Designed,
  • Cost planned, phased delivery if insufficient funds
• Planned,
  • Whole House Plan
• Anticipated?
  • No missed opportunities, no second visits
• Detailed
  • No surprises?

Architects Can

• See the vision: project and global
• Design the whole and all its parts
• Plan the building(s) & infrastructure
• Anticipate the construction sequence and/or phases
• Integrate the services: at any stage
• Comply with all the rules.

Briefing the design team

• to work towards a coherent energy and environmental solution
• Integrated design:
  • many players, one conductor
• Right first time?
  • Exploring more than one scenario of integrated building fabric and services
  • Selecting the correct one

Materials

• Architects can have a wider understanding of materials and methods of construction to consider
• Green Policing of materials and construction:
  • independently of the builder
  • their supply chain
  • their financial deals

Aesthetics:

• compared with surveyors or technicians/technololgists?
  • No exclusivity
  • Good and bad designers in all disciplines
  • But some potential

How do you develop a wide understanding rapidly?

• Joining forces with other green designers in all disciplines.
• Green networking and membership groups:
  • TGR The Green Register
  • AECB Association of Environment Conscious Building
  • SEDA Scottish Environment Design Association
• They also offer good value training CPD

Low carbon default

• Only offer a green solution
  • Clients don’t need to know the cost of the a violet building
• Stay in budget & meet the brief
  • –VE the optimum solution
• Facilitate optimum price tender
  • –Communicate thoroughly & accurately
  • –Give them confidence to price competitively & competently

Risks:

• College Knowledge:
  • 10, 20, 30, 40 year old know-how
  • Its predominantly out of date
• Sustainability is complex subject
  • few have the will or the time to develop the know-how or skills
• Tried and tested methods
  • deter use of innovative solutions
• One man bands may unable to embrace the skills of others in the design process